Minggu, 25 Juni 2017
PARENTING CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY

What Is Cerebral Palsy?
What Causes Cerebral Palsy?
- Infections during pregnancy such as rubella (German measles), cytomegalovirus (a herpes-type virus), and toxoplasmosis (an infection caused by a parasite that can be carried in cat feces or inadequately cooked meat). These may damage a fetus' developing nervous system.
- Severe jaundice in the infant which in rare cases damage brain cells.
- Rh incompatibility between mother and infant. In this blood condition, the mother's body produces antibodies that destroy the fetus's blood cells. This, in turn, leads to a form of jaundice in the newborn and may cause brain damage.
- The physical and metabolic trauma of being born. This can precipitate brain damage in a fetus whose health has been threatened during development.
- Severe oxygen deprivation to the brain or significant trauma to the head during labor and delivery.
- Breech births (with the feet, knees, or buttocks coming out first).
- Vascular or respiratory problems in the infant during birth.
- Physical birth defects such as faulty spinal bone formation, groin hernias, or an abnormally small jaw bone.
- Receiving a low Apgar score 10 to 20 minutes after delivery. An Apgar test is used to make a basic, immediate determination of a newborn's physical health. For the test, the infant's heart rate, breathing, muscle tone, reflexes, and color are evaluated and given a score from 0 (low) to 2 (normal).
- A low birth weight (less than 2,500 grams, or 5 lbs. 7.5 oz.) and premature birth (born less than 37 weeks into pregnancy).
- Being a twin or part of a multiple birth.
- A congenital nervous system malformation, such as an abnormally small head (microcephaly).
- Seizures shortly after birth.
- Mothers who had bleeding or severe proteinuria (excess protein in the urine) late in their pregnancy have a higher chance of having a baby with CP, as do mothers who have hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, mental retardation, or seizures.
Signs of Cerebral Palsy
- Developmental delay: An infant with cerebral palsy may not learn to sit or walk or reach other developmental milestones at the appropriate age.
- Abnormal muscle tone: The infant's body typically seems very stiff, though it may appear overly relaxed and floppy.
- Unusual posture or body position.
- Dragging one foot or favoring one arm -- features which show uneven muscle function
- Lots of drooling or trouble sucking, swallowing, or talking
- Tremors

- Physical therapy to help improve strength, flexibility, and balance
- Occupational therapy to help with fine-motor and self-care skills, also to install aids for the home and essential places
- Speech therapy to help improve communication, and possibly feeding and swallowing
- Hearing, vision, and other assistance devices
- Orthotic devices to improve balance and mobility
- Medication to prevent pain or seizures, or to relax muscles
- Surgery to improve severe cases of deformity or spasticity
- Counseling for behavior or adjustment issues.
Support for Parents of Children with Cerebral Palsy
According to Roy Benaroch, here are some things that parents/ caregivers can do to help themselves even as they help their children:
- Educate yourself.The more you know about cerebral palsy, the more tools you will have to help your child. Ask your child’s doctor about resources available from his or her office and on the internet and keep up-to-date with current research.
- Build a support system. Seek out local groups and parent network organizations for families of children with disabilities. Ask your doctor or specialist for referrals. Join an online chat group for parents of children with cerebral palsy.
- Take care of yourself. You can’t help your child if you are burned out. Make plans to do things you enjoy, such as taking time out to have a night out with friends or family. Planning ahead so that the situation at home is safe for your child prior to going out makes this possible and more beneficial. It is so important to “recharge the batteries.”
- Take care of your relationships. Find a babysitter whom you like and trust, so you and your partner can have private time together. And don't forget your other children- in case you have any; make sure to keep up with their activities and try to have special one-to-one time with them as often as possible.
- Get help. If you or your partner is consistently burned out or depressed, or if you are not getting along, seek help. Having a disabled child can be extremely stressful; it can also put your relationship at risk. Your doctor can refer you to a qualified individual, family, or couple's therapist. It may also be that you are still at an early stage in understanding your child’s condition and the services that are available to help. Finding out more may give an enormous boost to your ability to cope.

Sabtu, 24 Juni 2017
BIPOLAR DISORDER IN OUR WORLD TODAY
So what really is Bipolar Disorder?


Causes of Bipolar Disorder
Genetics
Brain structure and functioning
Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder


- heightened sense of self-importance
- exaggerated positive outlook
- significantly decreased need for sleep
- poor appetite and weight loss
- racing speech, flight of ideas, impulsiveness
- ideas that move quickly from one subject to the next
- poor concentration, easy distractibility
- increased activity level
- excessive involvement in pleasurable activities
- poor financial choices, rash spending sprees
- excessive irritability, aggressive behavior

- feelings of sadness or hopelessness
- loss of interest in pleasurable or usual activities
- difficulty sleeping; early-morning awakening
- loss of energy and constant lethargy
- sense of guilt or low self-esteem
- difficulty concentrating
- negative thoughts about the future
- weight gain or weight loss
- talk of suicide or death
Diagnosis
- Bipolar I Disorder: This defined by manic or mixed episodes that last at least seven days, or by manic symptoms that are so severe that the person needs immediate hospital care. Usually, depressive episodes occur as well, typically lasting at least 2 weeks.
- Bipolar II Disorder: This is defined by a pattern of depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes, but no full-blown manic or mixed episodes.
- Bipolar Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (BP-NOS): This is diagnosed when symptoms of the illness exist but do not meet diagnostic criteria for either bipolar I or II. However, the symptoms are clearly out of the person's normal range of behavior.
- Cyclothymic Disorder, or Cyclothymia: This is a mild form of bipolar disorder. People with cyclothymia have episodes of hypomania as well as mild depression for at least 2 years. However, the symptoms do not meet the diagnostic requirements for any other type of bipolar disorder.
Treatment
Medication
- mood stabilizers
- atypical antipsychotics
- antidepressants.
Psychotherapy
- Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), which helps people with bipolar disorder learn to change harmful or negative thought patterns and behaviors.
- Family-focused therapy, which involves family members. It helps enhance family coping strategies, such as recognizing new episodes early and helping their loved one. This therapy also improves communication among family members, as well as problem-solving.
- Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy, which helps people with bipolar disorder improve their relationships with others and manage their daily routines. Regular daily routines and sleep schedules may help protect against manic episodes.
- Psychoeducation, which teaches people with bipolar disorder about the illness and its treatment. Psychoeducation can help you recognize signs of an impending mood swing so you can seek treatment early, before a full-blown episode occurs. Usually done in a group, psychoeducation may also be helpful for family members and caregivers.
Other Treatments
- Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)—For cases in which medication and psychotherapy do not work, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may be useful. Before ECT is administered, a patient takes a muscle relaxant and is put under brief anesthesia. He or she does not consciously feel the electrical impulse administered in ECT. On average, ECT treatments last from 30–90 seconds. People who have ECT usually recover after 5–15 minutes and are able to go home the same day.
- Sleep Medications—People with bipolar disorder who have trouble sleeping usually sleep better after getting treatment for bipolar disorder. However, if sleeplessness does not improve, your doctor may suggest a change in medications. If the problems still continue, your doctor may prescribe sedatives or other sleep medications.
Helping People with Bipolar Disorder
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- Offer emotional support, understanding, patience, and encouragement
- Learn about bipolar disorder so you can understand what your friend or relative is experiencing
- Talk to your friend or relative and listen carefully
- Listen to feelings your friend or relative expresses and be understanding about situations that may trigger bipolar symptoms
- Invite your friend or relative out for positive distractions, such as walks, outings, and other activities
- Remind your friend or relative that, with time and treatment, he or she can get better.
Common Misconceptions about Bipolar Disorder
References
World Mental Health Day 2016 Kenya National Commemoration

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